On Losing a parent 

Losing a parent is always catastrophic, but especially so for children between the ages of seven to fifteen. Those younger than seven are blissfully unaware of  the concept of death, even managing to forget the dead person in a short time. Handling the seven to fifteen years is tricky. One wrong word or sentence can trigger thoughts in their over-active minds which might become devastating for them. I remember how irritated my daughter would get with people who came to sympathise, to give condolences. It is confounding for grown-ups as to how to philosophise to such a young child about life's cycle of birth-death-rebirth. The enormity of the tragedy hits them after a few days when they realise that the deceased is never going to return, never going to share their joys, their achievements, their everyday lives. My son's plaintive cry ".....but I want my father to be with me. Ma please ask God to send him back. Ask him to take an old father instead"..... still rings in my years from time to time, even after sixteen years. What words could I say to my children which would make it a little easier for them to bear this. My eleven year daughter was in a fever for eight months (for no clinical reason) because she bottles her emotions & hardly ever cries. The impact of seeing her father suffer for two years due to cancer & chemotherapy was bad enough. Death, no matter how anticipated, is always a shock.

So how did we cope?

Firstly, I hid all the music cassettes & CDs which their father would listen to practically every evening. I packed & delivered all his 'good' clothes to a Senior Citizen's Home run by nuns. This was done in their absence. Of the remaining clothes, they were allowed to keep one tee shirt each. The rest were washed, ironed & neatly packed in a plastic bag by the three of us & with grave faces they handed these over to the sweeper saying "yeh hamaare Baba ke hain" (these are our father's).

Weekends were especially difficult. As an outlet for their emotions I encouraged them to write down whatever they wanted to say to their father in an inland letter (my son would make a drawing on the last page instead of writing) and we would actually walk to the post office & drop it in the post box, with the address "To Baba, C/o God, In heaven". Ridiculous as it might have seemed to the postal staff, the peace on the kid's faces after this made it worth it. We carried on with this for about a year! Thereafter a notebook for each of them served as a diary & an expression of their thoughts - in words or drawings. We made it a point not to stay at home or go to anybody's home in the evening. Twilight is the time when one feels most depressed, so we would go to a garden where they could play and later to the 'ground' to play basket ball & volley ball.

As the surviving parent, the "why" was the most difficult to answer. "Why our father when everyone else has theirs", "why did God need to take only him specifically when there are so many oldies still around", "is there really a God? I do'nt think so, otherwise he would'nt have done this even after we prayed to Him everyday"(these from my wise, resentful daughter), "So why could'nt God keep him for a few days & then send him back" (this from my innocent son). 

The most painful was "what was done with his body after his soul had left it". The thought of their father being burnt evoked visuals too terrible to bear & were a cause for many a hideous nightmare for the longest time.

A confounding one from my brave daughter to which I did'nt know how to react was "I know he is around here, he will never leave us, I can feel his presence but he is not WITH us". And another from my son"when I close my eyes, I see him but when I open them he disappears. So where does he go?" Since at the time we were in bed looking at the stars through the open window, I had the brainwave to say that their father had become a star and all the stars in the sky are somebody's loved ones. So they all gather in the sky at night to tell us that they are very much with us, even though not on earth. To their query - "how can we know which one of them is OUR Baba", I told them the one that seems to shine more brightly than the others is yours & that if they keep looking at it they will find it blinking at them, as if smiling. That is the signal he is sending them. Each star shines the brightest for his children, so that they know he is still with them. It will shine more brightly if you are happy & it will look dim if you are sad, because he does not want your'll to be sad. 

This story worked wonders and they sighed & slept peacefully through the night, without, for once, living through a nightmare. 

The purpose for sharing this after 16 yrs. is with so many young people dying nowadays - whether at the border or at war or in a building collapse or accident or heart attack, I hope this piece will help someone cope with their children's grief.

Bless them.

Hi friends,

The best way to spend a relaxing monsoon weekend at home, is with a book & piping hot bhajias or puris or batata vadas or samosas, do'nt you think? Since the next weekend is approaching, I thought I'll post a recipe for pudina puris. While on the subject, some quick recipes for gravy, which if made in sufficient quantity at the weekend & stored in the fridge, can last you for a week & allow you an extra 15 minutes of sleep time in the early rainy mornings. It is also very convenient to toss in chopped veggies/green peas/paneer/soaked pulses along with the gravy in a cooker at the end of a tiring day. Have it with boiled rice & dal/chapatis/jeera rice.... I promise you it wo'nt take up more than 10 minutes to rustle up this meal. I followed this routine for lunch & dinner when I had a 
7 am to 10 pm routine of travel & office work. Lunch & dinner were cooked before & after. Of course the chapatis will have to be made in the morning & will take extra time or can be home delivered from a restaurant. Bread is an option I am personally not comfortable with.

But first the pudina puris.

Ingredients: 

2 cups maida (or 1 cup maida+1cup wheat flour)

Half cup pudina leaves

Half cup coriander leaves

1 tsp jeera (whole)

2 green chillies

2 tsp lemon juice

1 tsp sugar

Salt to taste

Oil for frying

Method: Pound or grind the mint leaves, chillies, jeera, sugar together. Add this & salt & lemon juice to maida & knead into a firm dough, adding water as required. Make puris & fry. Serve hot.

And now the gravies:

i) Brown gravy : Can be used for sabzis - cauliflower, green peas masala, mixed veg (steam or cook these & then add gravy), chhole, rajma (boil), egg curry, chicken/mutton curry.

Ingredients:

1 large onion

3-4 garlic flakes

1 inch piece ginger

2 green chillies

2 large tomatoes

Half cup chopped coriander

1 tsp cumin/jeera powder

1 tsp coriander/dhaniya powder

One third tsp turmeric/haldi powder

Half tsp chilly powder

Half tsp (dalchini-lavang-badi elaichi-chhoti elaichi) garam masala powder i.e. (cinnamon-cloves-cardamom)

2 dried cinnamon leaves/tej patta

Salt to taste

3 tbsp oil

1 tbsp ghee

Method: Grind together onion, garlic, ginger, green chillies, tomatoes. Heat oil. Add this mix along with haldi, jeera, dhaniya, chilly powders, tej patta, salt & stir fry till dark brown. Add a little water. Saute for 5 min. Add more water, cover & bring to a boil. Add garam masala powder & ghee. Stir in & cover. Put off gas. Sprinkle chopped fresh coriander before serving.

This gravy, without adding water, can be stored for a fortnight in the fridge. 

ii) White gravy : For methi malai matar, paneer matar, veg korma etc. Steam cook veggies then add gravy.

Ingredients:

5-6 kajus

8-10 badam

1 cup milk

Half tsp jeera powder

Half tsp kitchen king masala

Half tsp garam masala

1 green chilly

Half cup coriander leaves (optional)

2 tbsp ghee

1 tbsp butter

Method: Grind kaju, badam, green chilly, coriander together, Add one third milk & make a paste. Melt ghee, add the paste, masalas, milk & butter & cook covered for 2 min.

iii) Quick gravy: Can be used for mixed veggies, paneer butter masala (add sugar & 2 tbsp hommade tomato puree), mushroom - corn curry, egg curry etc.

One large onion chopped into four pieces

4-5 flakes garlic

1 inch piece ginger

2-3 green chillies

2 large tomatoes chopped into fours

3-4 cashews/kajus

1 inch jeera

1 inch cinnamon/dalchini

3-4 cloves/lavang

1 cardamom/badi elaichi

2 tbsp oil

1 tbsp butter

Method : Heat oil, add jeera, add everything except butter. Stir fry in pan/kadai on full flame till onions become translucent. Put off gas. Cool. Grind-blend in mixer to a thick smooth paste. Put in pan/kadai. Add butter. 

Ps. If you are in a hurry, remove the contents to a steel bowl. Place this in a larger bowl containing ice cubes & keep these under a fan.

Baby corn & paneer sabzi:

Ingredients: 

12 baby corns, cut into 4 lengthwise

2 cups paneer cubes

1 tsp Paste of 1 green chilly + ginger

3 spring onions chopped - white portion separately

1 capsicum

2 large tomatoes pureed

2 tbsp coriander chopped

One fourth tsp jeera

Half tsp asafoetida /hing

One fourth tsp turmeric/haldi powder

One fourth tsp chilly powder

2 tbsp oil

Salt to taste

Method: Heat oil, add jeera, hing. Add green chilly paste, spring onion whites & capsicum & saute for 2 minutes. Add baby corn, turmeric & chilly powders, tomato puree, salt & saute on low flame for 5 min. until corn is cooked. Add paneer & spring onion greens & coriander. Mix well & serve with chapatis.

Boiled potatoes, shelled green peas, baby corn, paneer, boiled pulses, moong sprouts, shelled fresh rajma if kept in fridge, can come in handy for a quick meal or snack.

More next time!

                            The Joy of Reading Books

My kids wanted to gift me a Kindle for my birthday, but I was'nt keen on it..... electronics are encroaching too much into our lives. Some friends have taken to it, especially those who travel long distances frequently, but I do'nt - travel that is. Electronics for music, yes... not for reading surely!

I still like the smell & feel of books - whether new or old. If its new we take care of it like we do a new-born baby, gently opening the book, turning its pages, the smell of both is pleasant too! If its old, with yellowed dog-eared pages, it makes one feel a camaraderie with total strangers who have also read & enjoyed the book, laughing at its humour, thrilled at its suspense, been saddened by the story, imagined beautiful scenery described therein, felt the cold, warm, wet weather the same as the characters, felt enthralled by the beauty of its language...... There is an element of mystery in the sharing of thoughts, emotions, feelings with complete strangers of unknown identities. Yet it connects us in this world of vast humanity, across miles, countries, civilizations, races, religions, castes & classes, genders, attitudes, political divides.....

That is why I prefer reading to socializing. There are no divides, no misunderstandings, no airs or attitudes to confront. Only thought..... and the pleasure of reading.

Would like to share an interesting item on a bookmark (maybe not exact words)

Book readers will one day rule this world. Just as soon as they finish this chapter.

Why I like the Governance of Shri Narendra Modi.

There is a lot of change happening in India on many fronts.... the atmosphere is very dynamic..... India will be totally transformed in another 5-10 years, for the better. 

The reason, of course is Mr. Modi & his close team of ministers & bureaucrats. When they came to power in 2014, being confident of victory & a full majority, Modi & Amit Shah had handpicked people, conveyed the important ministries they were to be assigned & asked them to be ready to handle their responsibilities from day one. And they did. Next came the team of bureaucrats many of whom he had worked with earlier & who had delivered. Modi himself is a workaholic, working almost 24x7 since the last three years without a break. He is driven like a man on a mission.

Modi has a knack of ferreting out effective, knowledgeable, honest & hardworking people and placing them at the helm of important institutions. He also has a knack for finding economic solutions locally whichever part of India he visits like tourism in Kutch & fashion technology institutes/industry & tourism in the seven North eastern states. On his visits abroad he is always on the look-out for innovative technology which can be applied in India, trade & investments, exchange of technology & collaborations. He does not take political sides, instead concentrates on mutually beneficial trade. Something like "you are me friend, your enemy is also my friend & I have nothing to do with the enmity between the two of you." So doors open for him as in Israel. He looks not only to import (which India was doing so far) but also at what India can export, almost like the barter system of olden times. His Make in India campaign is directed at making India self-dependent, as also cutting costs in the long run, aiming to manufacture & export some of these at a later stage. This will not only be beneficial financially, but also generate employment in India. 

Simultaneously, he is concentrating on generating employment for those who are unable to pursue studies. His Skill India Mission  & the Ministry of Skill Development  are going to ensure financial security for people from this sector. He has done away with some redundant Govt. subsidies & introduced new ones for the poor, the farmers, the underprivileged castes. He has also introduced insurance schemes for them at extremely low premium. 

He encourages digging of wells & ponds in rural areas with the help of NGO's & locals, rather than investing time & money in building dams which takes years to come to fruition. His Govt. has come down heavily on meat exporters & their illegal slaughter houses (India is the 2nd largest exporter of meat), who were taking away prime cattle in bulk from cattle melas for slaughter, depriving the farmers who had come to purchase them & actually needed them alive. That this issue has taken a religious & sometimes heinous hue is another matter which needs to be urgently addressed, but sometimes drastic steps such as ban on cow slaughter are required.

Finance minister Arun Jaitley has reduced the income tax rates for the service class & compelled the traders to pay taxes by introducing GST. Since years the service class & Govt. employees were compensating for the non-payment of taxes by small traders& others, by paying higher taxes. By introducing e-commerce he has ensured that all those not paying income tax are brought into the net (most small traders have not been paying any taxes at all). Also, the professionals - lawyers, doctors, Chartered accountants were under-declaring their income; same with the affluent - the industrialists, stock brokers, diamond merchants, film stars & producers.... His Govt. has introduced & passed the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code 2016 bill, increasing the powers of the RBI to prosecute all the big industrialists who were not repaying bank loans of thousands of crores of rupees. He has really woken them up with a jolt & sent them into a tizzy. They are no longer a pampered lot getting political patronage. At the same time he encourages & gives concessions to those of them who intend to do constructive business honestly.

Modi has taken personal interest in alleviating social evils like open defecation, encouraged cleanliness, hygiene, protecting the girl child. These issues are of a huge scale & will take some time to come into effect, but the process is under way. People's participation & cooperation are a must here. The best part about this Govt. is that it encourages people's participation. It invites suggestions in every sphere via social media & even by way of letters. Emails, twitter a/cs for sending suggestions are publicised & the good ideas are implemented. Their style of functioning is totally un-autocratic, which is so unlike that of the other Govt.s.

The National Highways & Ports Ministry has been given massive funds & the independence to construct highways connecting the whole country, especially in so far neglected areas like the Northeast, connecting them to ports, which are also being developed. Related activities like construction of warehouses near ports & providing affordable housing are also being undertaken. Also connectivity & alternative means of transportation like over-ground & underground metros, connecting different areas of Greater Mumbai etc. via sea links are also in the pipeline.

This Govt. has been completing projects & bringing Govt. schemes to fruition, which were languishing during the previous Governments tenure, besides starting new ones. Making the Adhaar card (which is based on finger prints) popular & mandatory has brought about two major effects - one it has given an identity & rights to the poorest of poor in respect of banking, Govt. subsidies & benefits etc. & secondly it has thwarted the nefarious designs of the rich who were using multiple PAN cards while paying Income tax & purchasing real estate. Also it is a very good tool for the Govt. for tracing & tracking financial transactions.

Although the Govt. does not seem actively involved in this, yet we are seeing a spurt in organ donations, maybe because a system has been put in place which is facilitating this - like creating a green corridor for an ambulance carrying the organs or donor/donee, providing drones for carrying organs from one city to another etc. also establishment of a nodal agency where organs can be pledged, donated, received, as also consultations with helpful doctors in this regard. Mother's milk banks are also helping to control child mortality. Also Stem cell banks. Scientific research & development is being encouraged.

Pipelines for domestic gas consumption in metros & larger cities instead of gas cylinders are in use & more are being laid. The rural women are being provided gas connections/cylinders instead of chullas. Pay & use toilets are everywhere, especially next to slums & railway stations. The poor are getting subsidies directly into their bank a/cs, so they are protected from being pilfered by middlemen.

One no longer has to stand for ages in long queues for railway tickets & local passes, since it can be done online or through cards at ATVM machines at the station. Most of us shop online for grocery, clothes, electronic items..... insurance, banking needs. Online payment of Customs duty, Excise duty, taxes have been made compulsory, which is a big relief for us bankers (we were handling Govt. business & collection of taxes/duties). 

Apps are constantly being developed for everything possible & our PM is very tech-savvy. It encourages others of a similar age & background to follow suit.

Much of this is a way of life for developed countries, you will say, but the pace at which this is being adopted in India is very fast - just about 3 years. That is why it is such a drastic but welcome change. Today even the illiterate, the blind, the beggars, the labour class, the maids are using cell phones. 

The next big change will be evident in the scenario in Kashmir.... it has already begun. For the first time the Govt., media, security agencies, the National Investigation Agency, the Bureaucrats & Diplomats, the foot soldiers of the BJP, the common people..... all are are working in tandem & in an atmosphere of cooperation instead of secrecy & withholding information as in earlier Governments. Our External Affairs minister - Mrs. Sushma Swaraj is also very pro-active and efficient, despite her recent indisposition. It changes people's attitude to work and commands our respect.

Shri Narendra Modi's team is much admired for its integrity, honesty, hard work, awareness, knowledge, being receptive to fresh ideas and for their kuch kar ke jayenge attitude for the betterment of India & its people. They are setting a very good example for all Indians. It is evident in the increase of the number of youth, retired people, NRI's who have taken to social work in India.

There is no stopping Mr. Modi & BJP from winning another term in 2019.... 

Its well deserved too!

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

These are my views as a lay Indian. I am unaffiliated to any party, political or social group. I believe religion, caste, class, gender, attitudes are barriers to humanity.

Hi friends!

Today's blog is about Indian children between the ages of 10 to 30 yrs. & their parents.

We Indian parents give our optimum in bringing up our children to grow up to be good human beings, with good character, sanskars, education. We protect them from pitfalls, from getting hurt. 
We go out of our way & put in great effort so that they get the best opportunities, the best in advice & guidance. After putting in our best efforts, we sit back and watch proudly from the sidelines as they flower into individuals with their own distinctive characteristics. We still hang around in the sidelines to give them a helping hand if they trip and to cushion them if they fall. We make ourselves available to them always, despite our hectic schedules, to guide them with advice in case they are confused, hurt, down in the dumps due to failure. Our unflinching support is something which they can always count on & which is taken for granted. Because, you see, we are Indian parents. Even a 60 yr. old son will turn to his 85 yr. old father for advice and get some pearls of wisdom. Because we are Indian.

Much as our Americanised Indian urban youth shout from the rooftops about wanting 'space' freedom, independence from their parents, what they are not aware of is that their core is still Indian. They want their 'space' within the home but become home-sick & lonely the minute they go to live in a hostel or shared residence. They miss sharing the day's events, the banter, the leg-pulling, the camaraderie, the conversations about this & that & nothing in particular. They miss the comfort of the family. They miss home food. They get cranky because they have to take care of their clothes - throwing them into the washing machine, putting them out to dry, folding them, giving them to the dhobi, checking whether he has returned all the clothes & that some are not exchanged inadvertently with the sweaty bloke in "B" wing, paying him.... They resent that they have to take care of a regular stock of groceries, fruits etc. They find it irritating to have to remember to take care of timely payment of bills, rent, maid's salary, income tax returns, banking transactions.... to remember to change the bed sheet. They find it demeaning when they have to keep the trash basket outside the door for the sweeper to collect, to wash their own toilets & bathrooms ( I am supposed to do this?). 
Because, you see, they are Indian children.

Now an American child would take all these chores in his/her stride because he/she does not have a sense of entitlement where his/her parents are concerned. He is taught to respect his parents 'space', that they have a life, a career & interests independent of him/her which they would not want to sacrifice for their kids, that they would not want to take care of their kids & their problems forever - only up to 18 yrs. of age. He/she knows that he has to contribute to housework & daily chores as much as his parents. He equips himself with skills required for leading an independent life. He earns pocket money by baby-sitting, distributing newspapers, working at the gas station/bakery....instead of demanding money from his parents. He is clear about what he wants to do with his life, the career he would like to have, where & how to apply. He is prepared to make mistakes on the way & be responsible for his actions & to stand up, dust himself off & continue with life. Because, you see, he/she is an American child, used to sleeping alone in his crib, in a separate room, from the day he came into this world. His parents did'nt come awake every time he moved his head or limb or had nightmares or wet his bed/nappy. You see they were not around to cushion him. Because, you see, he always had his own 'space.' 

Each culture is different - none the better than the other. Growing up in one kind of atmosphere & trying to emulate the other, is like putting a circular box in a square hole. there will always be some vacuum. 

So take away the best from every culture but do'nt forget your roots. Do not try to mold yourself into something which leaves you neither here nor there. Remember that the 'copy' can never be as good as the original & will always be called a fake. Adapt where you have to but be an Indian at heart.

Because our India is the bestest!!

Hi friends,

Today I want to speak about certain recent goings-on in our country which have disturbed all of us. But first a clarification - I DO NOT believe in extreme attitudes, am all for 'live & let live.' 

My ancestors were from Kutch, (in Gujarat), my parents & several generations before them from Mumbai, I was born & brought up in Nagpur, Maharashtra, among Parsi, muslim, Christian & Hindu neighbours - all very good human beings living in harmony, studied in a proper Convent School where all Indian festivals were celebrated, despite Sister Superiors from France, Poland etc. , went on to marry a Bengali (he escaped to another universe after 12 yrs.) and have lived in Mumbai since. If that does'nt make me a cosmopolitan Indian, I do'nt know what does! 

What has been disturbing lately are the deep fissures in our social fabric which are percolating down to our children's generation. Considering that youngsters today form opinions on the basis of  the posts on social media & not on informed articles appearing in newspapers (how many of them do read newspapers?) I feel compelled to write about the logic behind the call for banning cow slaughter. Now, now..... do'nt get all worked up, please. So here goes... Brazil and India were the largest exporters of beef in the world in 2016. While the majority of Brazilians are non-veggies & must be consuming a considerable amount of beef themselves, the majority of Indians, I assume, are vegetarians. These large exporters with deep pockets purchase cows & calf in bulk at cattle melas. There have been instances when they have purchased the entire stock at one go, wiping the mela clean of young calf/cows, leaving the farmers who have come to purchase one, to return empty-handed. One cannot blame the sellers for selling it to the exporters instead of the farmers, when they are getting a better price for them. After all he too has to feed his family. So although his sympathies lie with the farmers, considering that successive droughts have made a hole in  his pocket, he sells to the highest bidder. 

As a result the number of cattle with our farmers has been going down. For the info of all my co-urbanites, apart from nutritious cow's milk, the cow dung & urine are also very good as manure for the fields. It makes the land more fertile on a daily basis. With a reduction in the number of cows, the farmers are compelled to buy manure & pesticides from the market, which has harmful chemicals and which over several years, has made our land less fertile. Have you heard your parents & grand parents complain that nowadays there is no taste in vegetables? I remember munching on raw cabbage leaves, kundru (ivy gourd), carrots, cucumber, radish, peas, tomatoes etc. while playing or studying. Raw spinach-tomatoes-spring onion salads were a common feature of our meals. Can we enjoy them now? Ugh!

I remember a classmate from Punjab who had so many cows back home that they would have glasses full of milk several times a day, as also lassi & yet so much milk was leftover. Since the servants too had cows at home they would not take away the excess milk & finally it used to be added to the cattle fodder..... which made the cows give more milk! 

Today how many of us are sure that the milk/curd we consume is pure, that it is not laced with urea or some other chemicals? Have you noticed the number of little kids with hairline fractures? Or the 20-25 yr. olds suffering from spondylosis? Have you noticed young people's bones going tak-tak when they stretch or go up on their tip-toes?

While I agree that many of the so-called gau-rakshaks are criminal elements getting a high out of beating & killing people, the reason why this had to be given a religious angle (gai hamari ma hai, we pray to her) was to deter people from selling the cow to meat exporters. Then the cows would be available for the farmers to purchase. Because economic sense would compel that the meat exporters had the advantage. Where will the poor farmers go then to purchase cows? Of course this could have been handled in a better way.

While I am all for freedom to eat what we wish, there should be curtailment regarding meat exports, maybe a law which bans the sale of milk-giving cows & calf from being sold to slaughter houses, especially the exporters. The older cows are anyways sold to them by the farmers. The cow slaughter ban has been detrimental to their interests too since they have to now spend on fodder for the older cows without earning anything in return. The illegal slaughter house owners should be dealt with, with a heavy hand, not by violence but legally. The gau-rakshaks role should be only that of a whistle blower - they should be the eyes & ears of the Law, not the ones who misuse it.

Hi friends!

Today I'm giving you a simple recipe for lunch or breakfast. You can have it with chapatis/rotis, bread/pav. Fast to cook, good to eat!

Ingredients:

100 gm paneer diced into tiny pieces or two scrambled eggs

1 small carrot peeled & diced into tiny pieces

1 small piece of beetroot peeled & diced into tiny pieces

1 medium onion diced

3 thin green chillies chopped finely

A few sprigs of spring onions chopped

A few sprigs of fresh coriander chopped (optional)

2 tbsp Ghee

Salt to taste

Method:

Melt the ghee in a pan on a low flame. Add onions & fry till translucent on medium flame. Add carrots, beetroot & salt. Mix & cook covered till soft. Add paneer or scrambled eggs, spring onions, green chillies, cover & cook for 2 minutes on low flame. Stir-in coriander. Have this with chapatis/ rotis or as a sandwich with bread/pav.

Preparation & Cooking time: 10-15 min.